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Acknowledgment of Paternity

If your main residence is in the Philippines, the German Embassy in Manila may notarize an acknowledgement of paternity according to German law. The main requirement for such a notarization is that the case demonstrates a certain reference to Germany. This is usually the case if one of the parties involved is a German national.

An acknowledgement of paternity has to be notarized in accordance with German law and requires some preparatory work. We therefor request that the following documents be emailed or sent as simple paper copies via regular mail to the German Embassy:

  1. Copy of the child’s passport or other official identification
  2. Birth certificate of the child
  3. Marriage certificate of the parents (if applicable) and divorce decree if the mother was previously married
  4. Copy of the mother’s passport, including all stamps and visa
  5. Copy of the father’s passport, including all stamps and visa
  6. Birth certificate of the mother
  7. Birth certificate of the father
  8. Certificate of no marriage (CENOMAR) or CEMAR (Advisory on Marriages) of the mother of the child, issued from the “National Indices of Marriage
  9. filled out form with contact details

Philippine documents must be issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and must be legalized by the German Embassy. Information about the legalization process can be found here.

Foreign public documents might need a formal proof of authenticity, e.g. the Legalization or Apostille. In some cases, a document verification might be necessary. Find out here, which formality is relevant for different foreign public documents.

Public documents that are not issued in German or English language, must be presented with either English or German translation. Information about translators can be found through this link.

According to German law, it is possible to notarize a prenatal acknowledgement of paternity. Should you wish to acknowledge paternity before the child is born, please replace requirements 1 and 2 on the above list with the mother’s record of prenatal care and a confirmation of the expected date of birth.

Vater mit Baby im Arm
Vaterschaftsanerkennung© Zoonar.com/Margarita Borodina

In order to prepare the notarization of the recognition of paternity, please send the above-mentioned documents as well as the filled-in questionnaire as PDF attachments (not as embedded picture files) by email (reference: “recognition of paternity”).

The German Embassy reserves its right to ask for additional documents not stated on the above list.

The Embassy will verify the provided complete documents and contact you directly to coordinate an appointment for the notarization. Please note that all original documents along with a valid passport will have to be presented at the time of your appointment. The notarization of an acknowledgement of paternity is subject to a charge depending on the current exchange rate of the embassy. Details can be provided upon inquiry.

Declaration of Consent

According to German law, an acknowledgement of paternity only becomes legally binding once the mother of the child has given her declaration of consent to this acknowledgement. If the presumed father has already acknowledged paternity in front of a German authority and the mother of the child has her main residence in the Philippines, her declaration of consent can be notarized at the German Embassy in Manila.

The declaration of consent to an acknowledgement of paternity has to be notarized in accordance with German law and requires some preparatory work. We therefor request that the following documents be emailed or send as simple paper copies via regular mail to the German embassy:

  1. Acknowledgement of paternity by the father in front of a German authority
  2. Copy of the child’s passport or other official identification
  3. Birth certificate of the child
  4. Marriage certificate of the parents (if applicable) and divorce decree if the mother was previously married
  5. Copy of the mother’s passport, including all stamps and visa
  6. Copy of the father’s passport, including all stamps and visa
  7. Birth certificate of the mother
  8. Birth certificate of the father
  9. Certificate of no marriage (CENOMAR) or CEMAR (Advisory on Marriages) of the mother of the child, issued from the “National Indices of Marriage
  10. filled out form with contact Details

Philippine documents must be issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and must be legalized by the German Embassy. Information about the legalization process can be found here.

Foreign public documents might need a formal proof of authenticity, e.g. the Legalization or Apostille. In some cases, a document verification might be necessary. Find out here, which formality is relevant for different foreign public documents.

Public documents that are not issued in German or English language, must be presented with either English or German translation. Information about translators can be found through this link.

According to German law, it is possible to notarize a prenatal acknowledgement of paternity. Should you wish to acknowledge paternity before the child is born, please replace requirements 2 and 3 on the above list with the mother’s record of prenatal care and a confirmation of the expected date of birth.

In order to prepare the notarization of the consent to the recognition of paternity, please send the above-mentioned documents as well as the filled-in questionnaire as PDF attachments (not as embedded picture files) by email (reference: “recognition of paternity”).

The German embassy reserves its right to ask for additional documents not stated on the above list.

The Embassy will verify the provided complete documents and contact you directly to coordinate an appointment for the notarization. Please note that all original documents along with a valid passport will have to be presented at the time of your appointment.

The notarization of a declaration of consent is subject to a charge depending on the current exchange rate of the embassy. Details can be provided upon inquiry.

Marriages of German and Philippine Nationals in the Philippines

When marrying in the Philippines, all related information regarding the documents required of the German fiancé(e) must be obtained from the Philippine office where the marriage is to take place or from the German civil registry.

Under the condition being authorized to do this, the following can officiate at a wedding:

  • Ministers of all denominations (priest, imam, rabbi) if one of the spouses belongs to the corresponding denomination/religion,
  • Holders of judicial offices within their district
  • Mayors within their district

With regard to the legal validity of the marriage, kindly verify whether the person to officiate at the wedding has the necessary authorization. If you have already married under civil law in another place and only wish to receive a church blessing in the Philippines, you must explicitly inform the clergyman of this, as otherwise the documents for a marriage valid under civil law will be required.

A legal marriage in the Philippines is also valid in the Federal Republic of Germany. As proof of marriage, only the Marriage Certificate issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) is accepted. Therefore, after the marriage, it is advisable to make sure that the local Marriage Certificate is indeed forwarded to the PSA for registration. Only via the PSA, you will receive a legalized Marriage Certificate, if needed.

The Embassy has compiled the information provided here and in the following with the utmost care. Please understand that the Embassy cannot guarantee that the information is correct and up to date.

A legally valid marriage requires a valid Marriage License, which must be applied for at the Philippine civil registry at the place of marriage at least 10 days before the wedding date. The place of marriage is usually the Philippine place of residence of one of the spouses. A Marriage License is valid for 120 days. A marriage entered without a Marriage License is null and void.

If you and your fiancé/e wish to marry during a holiday trip, you should expect that the preparation and processing of the marriage may take at least four to five weeks, provided that the German fiancé/e has already brought the Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage (Ehefähigkeitszeugnis) issued by the competent civil registry in Germany and does not have to obtain it first.

For a legal marriage under Philippine law, the following conditions have to be met:

  1. In addition to the Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage, the Philippine authorities require a Consular Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage.
  2. Two witnesses must be present for the wedding.
  3. The engaged couple should be sufficiently fluent in English.

In order to obtain a Marriage License, German nationals usually have to submit the following documents:

  • Birth Certificate (preferably an international Birth Certificate or with an English translation), legalized by the Philippine diplomatic mission (Embassy/Consulate) in the country where the certificate was issued (Apostille, if the country conforms to the Hague Apostille Convention
  • If one or both fiancé/es are between the ages of 18 and 21, the parents or guardians must consent to the marriage, unless he/she has already been married before. If the declaration was made in a foreign language, an English translation is to be enclosed.
  • For divorced persons: Divorce Decree, legalized by the Philippine diplomatic mission (Embassy/Consulate) in the country where the certificate was issued, with an English translation (Apostille, if applicable)
  • For widowed persons: Death Certificate of the deceased spouse (preferably an international Death Certificate or with an English translation), legalized by the Philippine diplomatic mission (Embassy/Consulate) in the country where the certificate was issued (Apostille, if applicable)
  • The Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage (Ehefähigkeitszeugnis) issued in Germany as well as the Consular Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage issued by the German Embassy


German nationals who wish to marry in the Philippines must first apply for the Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage (Ehefähigkeitszeugnis). This Certificate is to be applied for at the local civil registry at the last registered place of residence in Germany. If you have never resided or lived in Germany, the civil registry in Berlin (Standesamt I) is the competent authority.

Kindly enquire directly with your local civil registry about the required documents, the fees for the Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage and the processing time.

The competent civil registry in Germany usually requires the following documents from the German applicant:

  • Proof of German citizenship
  • Proof of parentage
  • Proof of marital status

The Philippine fiancé/e usually has to hand in the following documents:

  • Birth Certificate, issued on security paper (SECPA) by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
  • Copy of the passport, authenticated by the German Embassy
  • If one or both fiancé/es are between the ages of 18 and 21, the parents or guardians must consent to the marriage, unless he/she has already been married before. If the declaration was made in a foreign language, an English translation is to be enclosed.
  • If one or both fiancé/es are between the ages of 21 and 25, the parents or guardians must declare in writing that their advice has been sought on the intended. If the declaration was made in a foreign language, an English translation is to be enclosed.
  • In the absence of a registration system: Community Tax Certificate as a Certificate of Residence
  • Proof of the current marital status
  • Single
    • CENOMAR = Certificate of No Marriage, issued on security paper (SECPA) by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), to certify that there is no entry in the National Indices of Marriage
    • This certificate must not be older than six months from the date of issue.
  • Widowed

    • Marriage Certificate and Death Certificate, issued on security paper (SECPA) by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
  • Annulment

    • CEMAR = Advisory on Marriages, issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) to certify the previous marriage
    • Marriage Certificate for the previous marriage with annotation regarding the annulment, issued on security paper (SECPA) by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
    • Court Decree regarding the annulment and a Certificate of Legal Validity

German civil registries require Philippine documents to be legalized by the German Embassy. Information on the legalization can be found here. Kindly enquire with the competent civil registry in which form the Philippine documents must be submitted and whether German translations are necessary.


After having received the Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage (Ehefähigkeitszeugnis), you can obtain Consular Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage from the Embassy. The German Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage is valid for six months. Therefore, the Consular Certificate will also be issued to have the same validity as the Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage.

To apply for the Consular Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage, you have the following options:

  1. Submission and collection at the Embassy in Manila:

    In order to issue the Consular Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage, the Embassy requires you to submit the original of the German Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage and an ID. The fee for the issuance is EUR 34.07, payable in cash (PHP) or by credit card (Visa/MasterCard) (EUR). Kindly note that authorised representaitves must also present the relevant Power of Attorney.

    The processing time when you and/or your fiancé/e and/or an authorized person personally submit and collect the documents usually is two working days. You do not need an appointment, but may come to the Embassy during our service hours. The service hours are from Tuesday to Friday, between 8:00 am and 9:30 am (except for public holidays).

    If the Consular Certificate cannot be collected in person or by an authorized person, it can also be sent by courier service, e. g. LBC, to an address in the Philippines. The envelope must be labelled by you or your fiancé/e or the authorized person when the documents are personally handed in at the Embassy. You bear the risk for the shipment.

    The delivery fee of PHP 300.00 is to be paid to the account of our service partner VSF Global. You will receive a notification by e-mail.

  2. Delivery from and to Germany

    To avoid the loss of your documents and long postal delivery times, it is recommended to use a courier service (e. g. DHL, FedEx, UPS). The parcel should be addressed to the Embassy’s address.

    In your cover letter, please agree to cover the costs of EUR 34.07 and include a copy of your ID (front and back). You will receive an invoice for the costs which can be paid at your bank in Germany. The Embassy’s banking details are indicated in the invoice. In our experience, the processing and mail delivery times are between three and four weeks after receipt of your documents.


The marriage abroad of a German national, that is valid under German law, can be registered in the marriage register of a German civil registry upon request (legal basis: § 34 Civil Status Act). This voluntary notarization in Germany is subject to several fees. After the registration, the civil registry can issue a German Marriage Certificate at any time.

At the time of application, at least one of the spouses must be a German citizen. The date of the marriage itself is irrelevant in this respect. However, there must not already exist an entry in the German marriage or family register. A marriage that no longer exists at the time of application can also be registered.

Each spouse is entitled to apply; a joint application or the consent of the other spouse is not required. However, if a name declaration is to be made at the same time, i. e. if the German spouse wishes to change their name due to the marriage, both spouses must appear in person at the Embassy.

If both spouses are deceased, the parents and joint children of the spouses are entitled to apply.

The responsibility for notarizing the marriage lies with the German civil registry with jurisdiction over the applicant’s place of residence. The civil registry in Berlin (Standesamt I) only has jurisdiction if the applicant has never resided in Germany (not even as a child).

The same applies to any parents or children of the spouses who are entitled to apply, provided the spouses are deceased.

Applying for Registering the Marriage:

The following are the basic requirements for applying for the marriage to be registered in a German marriage register. The final decision on the notarization is made by the competent German civil registry. The civil registry may request additional documents, like for instance, German translations for documents in English.

For the preliminary examination of your application, please send the completed form and scans of the required documents to the Embassy by e-mail in advance. Documents are to be sent as PDF files (one document per file). The application form is not to be filled out by hand, but as a PDF file that can still be edited. As soon as the application and the supporting documents are complete, we will arrange an individual appointment with you.

Philippine documents must be issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and must be legalized by the German Embassy. Information about the legalization process can be found here.

Foreign public documents might need a formal proof of authenticity, e. g. the Legalization or Apostille. In some cases, a document verification might be necessary. Find out here, which formality is relevant for different foreign public documents.

Public documents that are not issued in German or English language, must be presented with either English or German translation. Information about translators can be found through this link.

For the application, the following documents must be submitted:

  • Filled-out, but unsigned application form,
  • Birth Certificates of both spouses
  • Valid passports of both spouses
  • Valid Philippine residence permit (visa and/or ACR I-Card) of the German spouse
  • Marriage Certificate
  • If applicable, current CEMAR from the National Indices of Marriage for the Philippine spouse
  • If the German parent was naturalized in Germany: Certificate of Naturalization
  • If the German parent has acquired another nationality: Certificate of Naturalization and, if applicable, Retention Permit (Beibehaltungsgenehmigung)
  • If applicable, Marriage Certificate and proof of the dissolution of the previous marriage(s) of the spouses (Death Certificate/Divorce or Annulment Decree with Certificate of Finality)
  • If applicable, Birth Certificates of joint children

Kindly note that the signature(s) on the application form for the registration of marriage must be made in person at the Embassy and notarized by the Embassy (certification of signature)

The fee for the certification of signatures is EUR 56.43. If a declaration of name is submitted at the same time, the costs are EUR 79.57. In addition, a fee of EUR 24.61 is charged for the certification of photocopies. The costs can be paid in cash (PHP) or by credit card (Visa or Mastercard). If you pay by credit card, the transaction will be made in Euros. Additional bank charges may apply.

The fees charged by the competent civil registry in Germany vary. The civil registry will send an invoice to the applicant before the registration of marriage is finalized.

If you have any queries regarding civil status matters, you can reach the Embassy via phone on the extension 8702-3000 from Monday to Thursday between 2:00 pm and 3:00 pm (except on public holidays).

For more details on German name law, kindly refer to information provided on our homepage.

On 29 January 2019, two EU regulations (EuGüVO and EuPartVO) came into force, which regulate which law is to be applied to determine the property regime in a marriage or partnership. If the spouses have not made a choice of law, the property regime is determined by the law of the state in which they have or had their first common residence. This can generally not be changed and is not limited to EU-member states. Further information be found here.

Under Philippine law (Art. 80 Family Code), Philippine matrimonial property law applies to property in the Philippines, unless otherwise stipulated in a marriage contract or both spouses are foreigners. Therefore, if both spouses have a common residence in the Philippines, Philippine law would apply to the assets located in the Philippines, which may affect a divorce, for example.

The statutory matrimonial property regime under Philippine law is the ‘Absolute Community’, which means that the assets of both spouses become joint property. Under Philippine law, an agreement on a different matrimonial property regime must be made before marriage; under German law, this is possible at any time.

If a different matrimonial property regime is desired, it is strongly recommended to seek advice from experienced German notaries and Philippine lawyers and to draw up a marriage contract in Germany, including even a choice of law, before the marriage. The Philippine authorities will accept this marriage contract, as long as an English or Filipino translation is enclosed.

In accordance with Art. 77 of the Philippine Family Code concerning third parties, the marriage contract is only legally valid if it has been registered with the competent authorities. For this purpose, a copy of the marriage contract and a translation must be submitted at the local civil registry before the wedding. After the wedding, the marriage certificate must be submitted for registration at the civil registry, as well. The marriage contract should also be noted on the marriage certificate. The same applies to the Register of Property, which corresponds to the German Land Register, so that the marriage contract is noted on the land title, if applicable. The Register of Property is kept either at the competent local court at the place of residence or at the civil registry.

Also under German Law, according to § 1412 BGB (German Civil Code), an entry in the Register of Property is required, so that it has relevance for and is applicable to third parties.

The Embassy has compiled the information provided here with the utmost care. Please understand that the Embassy cannot guarantee that the information is correct and up to date.

Birth of a Child in the Philippines

The birth of a child of German descent can be subsequently registered in Germany via a so-called “notification of birth” (legal basis: § 36 Civil Status Act). The German Embassy strongly recommends to do this, as the birth registration and the German birth certificate definitely clarify the parentage, the name and, in the case of children born abroad, the German citizenship.

Kindly note that the notification of birth is mandatory for a child born abroad if the German parent/s was/were born abroad on or after 1 January 2000. In this case, the child only acquires the German citizenship if the birth is reported to the competent German diplomatic mission abroad or the civil registry in Germany within one year.

In addition, the notification of birth under German law or the application for a German birth certificate may be advisable if, for instance, the child’s place of residence is to be moved to Germany in the foreseeable future or if a name declaration is required to apply for a passport for the child.

The name declaration can be submitted together with the birth notification. In any case, both parents must appear at the German Embassy in Manila; if the child is aged 14 and over, the child must also be present.

The administrative responsibility for the registration of birth remains with the civil registry in whose jurisdiction falls the most recent registered place of residence of the child or (if the child has never lived in Germany) of the applicant in Germany. The minor child shares the place of residence of his/her parents with joint custody or his/her parent with sole custody.

The civil registry in Berlin (Standesamt I) only has jurisdiction if neither the child nor the applicant has ever resided in Germany (not even as a child).

The following are the basic requirements for the registration of birth in Germany. The final decision lies with the competent German civil registry. Kindly note that the civil registry in Germany may request additional documents, like for example, German translations for documents in English.

For the preliminary examination of your application, please send the completed form and scans of the required documents to the Embassy by e-mail in advance. Documents are to be sent as PDF files (one document per file). The application form is not to be filled out by hand, but as a PDF file that can still be edited. As soon as the application and the supporting documents are complete, we will arrange an individual appointment with you.

Philippine documents must be issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and must be legalized by the German Embassy. Information about the legalization process can be found here.

Foreign public documents might need a formal proof of authenticity, e. g. the Legalization or Apostille. In some cases, a document verification might be necessary. Find out here, which formality is relevant for different foreign public documents.

Public documents that are not issued in German or English language, must be presented with either English or German translation. Information about translators can be found through this link.

For the application, the following documents must be submitted:

  • Filled-out, but unsigned application form,
  • Birth certificate of the child
  • If applicable: Passport of the child
  • Birth certificates of both parents
  • Valid passports of both parents (a different ID is not accepted); if applicable, the German passport of the German parent which was valid at the time of the child’s birth and the paternity acknowledgment
  • Valid Philippine residence permit (visa and/or ACR I-Card) of the German parent
  • Current CENOMAR/CEMAR for the child’s mother (must match the information of the mother’s birth certificate)
  • If the German parent was naturalized in Germany: Certificate of Naturalization
  • If the German parent has acquired another nationality: Certificate of Naturalization and, if applicable, Retention Permit (Beibehaltungsgenehmigung)
  • For parents who are married to each other: Marriage Certificate
  • Valid Acknowledgement of Paternity (Affidavit of Acknowledgement / Admission of Paternity) if the parents were not married to each other at the time of birth
    • The Acknowledgment of Paternity can be made when registering the birth at the Philippine civil registry. It is only valid if signed in person before the Philippine registrar. If the Acknowledgment of Paternity was made separately, the birth certificate must include a note of this.
    • Proof of arrival in and departure from the Philippines at the time of notarization of the Acknowledgement of Paternity by presenting the passport or travel records of the Bureau of Immigration. The determining factor is the date of the certification on the Acknowledgment of Paternity.
  • If applicable, Marriage Certificate and proof of the dissolution of the parents‘ previous marriage(s) (Death Certificate/Divorce or Annulment Decree with Certificate of Finality)

Kindly note that the signature(s) on the application form for the registration of birth must be made in person at the Embassy and notarized by the Embassy (certification of signature)

The fee for the certification of signatures is EUR 56.43. If a declaration of name is submitted at the same time, the costs are EUR 79.57. In addition, a fee of EUR 24.61 is charged for the certification of photocopies. The costs can be paid in cash (PHP) or by credit card (Visa or Mastercard). If you pay by credit card, the transaction will be made in Euros. Additional bank charges may apply.

The fees charged by the competent civil registry in Germany vary. The civil registry will send an invoice to the applicant before the registration of birth is finalized.

If you have any queries regarding civil status matters, you can reach the Embassy via phone on the extension 8702-3000 from Monday to Thursday between 2:00 pm and 3:00 pm (except on public holidays).

For more details on German name law, kindly refer to information provided on our homepage .

Maintenance (Child Support)

Any person entitled to maintenance can lodge a request to recover maintenance abroad. This will most frequently be done in order to recover child maintenance. When children are under age, their legal representatives must act for them.

Which maintenance law applies in these cases is determined in accordance with the international private law of the requested state. In many cases, the law of the state in which the person entitled to maintenance has his/her habitual place of residence is applicable. So if the child lives in the Philippines, Philippine law is applicable to determine the claim of maintenance.

Germany and the Philippines have ratified a number of multilateral treaties in regard to Child Support and Maintenance, notably the United Nations Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance of 20 June 1956, the Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance and the Protocol of 23 November 2007 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations.

Those conventions seek to establish a modern, efficient and accessible international system for the cross-border recovery of child support and other forms of family maintenance, inter alia by creating Central Authorities in every member state to deal with cross-border cases.

Hence, if you want to claim child support or family maintenance from the Philippines in Germany, you must address the Central Authority of the Philippines:

Child Support Secretariat
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
IBP Road, Batasan Pambansa Complex, Constitution Hills,
Quezon City, Philippines 1126

Telephone: 8931-8101 loc. 10324 or 10325
Viber number: +63919-521-4262 (exclusive for inquiries on child support cases)
Contact Numbers: 09195214262 / 09455278210
E-mail: childsupport@dswd.gov.ph
Method of communication: preferably via indicated email addresses
Website: www.dswd.gov.ph

Contact Person: Atty. Elaine F. Fallarcuna,
Assistant Secretary and Point Person of Central Authority to the HCCH
effallarcuna@dswd.gov.ph

The Philippine Central Authority will forward your request to the Central Authority in the Federal Republic of Germany which is the Federal Office of Justice.

The Federal Office of Justice verifies that the request is complete and takes suitable steps to assert or enforce the maintenance claim. In addition to attempting to reach an amicable agreement and voluntary payment, it may also be necessary to assert the claim in court. The Federal Office of Justice takes action for the applicant during the entire proceedings, once it has been duly authorized by the applicant (or the legal representative). This also incorporates the investigation of the whereabouts of the person obliged to furnish maintenance and their ability to pay. Depending on the case constellation, a foreign maintenance title may be declared enforceable in the Federal Republic of Germany or a first maintenance title is created. If paternity has not yet been ascertained, paternity determination proceedings are first implemented.

Adoption

Please find further information regarding adoption from our German website.

Gerechtigkeitssymbol
Anwälte, Ärzte und Übersetzer© colourbox.de

German name law

For information about German name law, see here (in German).

Birth, marriage and death certificates

If you need a new German birth-/marriage-/death certificate please contact directly the civil registry in Germany which notarized the case of birth, marriage or death. The competent civil registry will then issue the requested number of new certificates. Please be informed that a fee will be charged which has to be paid by the applicant.

Philippine certificates can be obtained at the Philippine Statistics Authority, more information about the procedures can be obtained here or you could visit the PSA Helpline.

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